地学信息图谱方法前瞻

地学信息图谱是地理学发展的新契机。地学信息图谱研究不仅局限于表现,更是一种分析方法。地学信息图谱是图形、方法和认知三者的综合与统一。从地理学自身、GIS技术和"数字地球"战略三方面分析了地学信息图谱发展的背景。通过古代阴阳理论、物理学、生物学以及传统地图学,阐述了信息分析中的图谱方法。结合信息时代的特点,阐述了地学信息图谱方法的切入点。根据地理学发展的现状,提出地学信息图谱研究的起步工作主要有三方面：区域地理单元及其等级体系;地理单元的遥感影像特征分析;地学信息的表达方法。着重讨论了地学信息图谱研究关键要解决的三方面的地理学问题：地理对象的概括、地理学基本问题的分类、地理信息及其表达。     

中国晚奥陶世岩相古地理

本文是笔者等的中国早、中、晚寒武世和早、中奥陶世岩相古地理诸文的继续。在对华北地区、华南地区和西北地区寒武纪和奥陶纪定量岩相古地理研究及编图成果的基础上,结合其他地区（主要是蒙兴地区、昆仑秦岭地区、西藏地区、海南岛和台湾地区）的地质资料,编制出了中国晚奥陶世岩相古地理图,并撰写出本文。华北地区、华南地区和西北地区的研究程度较高,其岩相古地理图和文字论述都是定量的。其他地区的研究程度较低,其岩相古地理图和文字论述则是定性的或概略性的。在中国晚奥陶世,早、中、晚寒武世和早、中奥陶世一直存在的“两槽和三台相间分布”的岩相古地理基本格局已经改变,天山北山蒙辽吉槽地中的北山槽地和蒙辽吉槽地已不再是槽地而变成了台地。因此,准噶尔台地、北山台地、蒙兴台地、蒙辽吉台地和华北台地就连在一起了,形成了一个庞大的北方台地群。这是一个重大变化。其他古地理单元也与以前各世的大不相同或有所不同。这是晚奥陶世晚期大规模海退的结果。     

论鸟类飞行的起源

笔者简要介绍了有关鸟类飞行起源的两种假说,即“飞行的树栖起源”假说和“飞行的奔跑起源”假说,并根据近几年中国辽西发现的化石材料,对两种假说的立论依据和机理进行了分析和评述,初步认为两种可能性均存在,但因奔跑而飞地的机制更为普遍合理,“上树”是一种可能的条件,但既非必要条件也非充分条件。     

济阳坳陷中生代盆地演化及其与新生代盆地叠合关系探讨

济阳坳陷中生代盆地演化受控于欧亚构造域的板块拼接挤压和滨太平洋构造域及其郯庐断裂活动两种动力学背景。早、中三叠世,作为华北大型内陆沉积盆地的一部分,沉积了近2000 m厚的地层;晚三叠世,主要受控于扬子板块与华北板块挤压碰撞所产生的挤压应力场,处于抬升剥蚀状态,早、中三叠世沉积的地层几乎剥蚀殆尽,并开始发育多条NW向逆冲断层;早、中侏罗世是对晚三叠世挤压逆冲断层和褶皱所造成的本区地势高低起伏的一个截凸填凹、填平补齐的过程;晚侏罗世—白垩纪,受郯庐断裂左行走滑的影响,济阳坳陷区前期形成的NW向逆冲断层,发生构造反转,反向伸展,形成了一系列半地堑。控盆断层为NW向的中生代盆地,与控盆断层为NE(或NNE)向的新生代盆地里相干型叠合,可划分出中坳新拗、中坳新隆、中隆新坳、中隆新隆4种叠合单元类型,不同类型的叠合单元经历了不同的沉降史,具有不同的石油地质意义。     

烃源岩非均质性的控制因素研究--以东营凹陷为例

下第三系沙河街组是东营凹陷最重要的生储组合。通过对沙河街组烃源岩的研究,发现厚度大、分布广的沙四段和沙三段烃源岩在有机质组成和岩性等方面存在多种尺度的非均质性。从宏观到微观系统分析烃源岩的非均质性后发现,沙河街组烃源岩的非均质性明显受其体系域、沉积相带、有机质保存务件和古生产力等多种因素控制。其中,不同的体系域和沉积相带控制了烃源岩的岩性和岩相组合及生、排烃能力,高的古生产力是有机质富集的前提,缺氧还原环境使有机质能够保存的决定因素,同时,局部环境下发育的火山活动,对优质烃源岩的形成也具有重要作用。     

Cephalopods of the “Falang Formation” (Triassic) from Guanling and Zhenfeng Counties, Guizhou Province, China

The "Falang Formation" of western Guizhou was previously called the "Halobia Bed" and considered to be I .adinian in age. It was subdivided upward into the Zhuganpo, Laishike and Longchang members based on ammonites and the Trachyceras multitubertulatum Zone of the Longchang Member was put in the Lower Carnian. Here in the present paper, 4 genera and 9 species of ammonites and 1 nautiloid genus and species collected from the upper part of the "Falang Formation" (i.e. the Wayao Formation used in this paper, equivalent to the Laishike Member from Guanling and Zhenfeng counties are described. The geological and geographical distribution of these cephalopods, as well as the co-existing conodonts, put the Wayao Formation to the late early Carnmian.     

薄互层地区高品质地震资料采集影响因素试验研究

根据薄互层地区地质特点,以及所要达到的分辨率的要求,确定了所要保护的主频频率和施工参数。针对影响分辨率的因素,在激发时使用小药量和“钻杆扫描”的方法选择激发深度;在接收时使用中高频检波器、小组合和检波器下井接收的方法,并对它们进行逐一论证,取得了较好的效果。     

安徽沿江地区燕山期火成岩成岩成矿地质背景

安徽沿江地区位于长江中下游Cu,Fe成矿带的中段。通过区内变质基底类型、时代和地球物理、地球化学资料等综合研究,证明该区存在一元古宙基底缝合带,即“古岩石圈尺度不连续”,燕山期的强烈构造-岩浆-成矿活动是“古岩石圈尺度不连续”的“再活化”的表现。燕山期火成岩岩石构造组合以及岩浆作用有关的矿种组合表征它也是深达地幔的岩石圈尺度不连续,实质上岩石圈尺度不连续为区内的重要控岩、控矿构造,而燕山期挤压加厚环境中形成的高钾钙碱性系列火成岩及对应的Cu,Au组合、橄榄安粗岩系列火成岩及对应的Fe,S组合是岩浆成矿受壳幔相互作用和幔源物质贡献等因素控制的直接反映。同时,文中还利用了Nd-Sr同位素示踪体系对区内中、新生代地幔类型进行了初步研究,论证了中-新生代岩石圈/软流圈发生了灾变事件,区内晚中生代属富集型地幔(EMⅡ),火成岩为富集型地幔(EMⅡ)与亏损地幔(DM)或下地壳(IC)相互作用的结果,新生代则成为亏损型地幔(DM),这种地幔类型的变化是导致中国东部燕山期大规模岩浆成矿作用和岩石圈减薄的     

Atmospheric nitrous oxide observations above the oceanic surface during the first Chinese Arctic Research Expedition

339 gas samples above oceanic surface were collected on the cruise of "Xuelong" expeditionary ship and nitrous oxide concentrations were analyzed in the laboratory. Results showed that Atmospheric average N2O concentration was 309 ±3. 8nL/L above the surface of northern Pacific and Arctic ocean. N2O concentrations were significantly different on the northbound and southbound track in the range of the same latitude, 308.0 ±3.5 nL/L from Shanghai harbor to the Arctic and 311.9 ±2.5 nL/L from the Arctic to Shanghai harbor. N2O concentration had a greater changing magnitude on the mid- and high-latitude oceanic surface of northern Pacific Ocean than in the other latitudinal ranges. The correlation between the concentrations of the compositions in the aerosol samples and atmospheric N2 O showed that continental sources had a great contribution on atmospheric N2 O concentration above the oceanic surface. Atmospheric N2O concentration significantly increased when the expeditionary ship approached Shanghai h     

Summertime Surface N_2O Concentration Observed on Fildes Peninsula Antarctica:Correlation with Total Atmospheric O_3 and Solar Activity

Three-year summertime surface atmospheric N2O concentrations were observed for the first time on the Fildes Peninsula, maritime Antarctica, and the relationships among the N2O concentration, total atmospheric O3 amount, and sunspot number were analyzed. Solar activity had an important effect on surface N2O concentration and total O3 amount, and increases of sunspot number were followed by decreases in the N2O concentration and total O3 amount. A corresponding relationship exists between the N2O concentration and total atmospheric O3, and ozone destruction was preceded by N2O reduction. We propose that the extended solar activity in the Antarctic summer reduces the stratospheric N2O by converting it into NOx, increases the diffusion of N2O from the troposphere to the stratosphere, decreases the surface atmospheric N2O, and depletes O3 via the chemical reaction between O3 and NOx. Our observation results are consistent with the theory of solar activity regarding the formation of the Antarctic O3 hole.